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'''Jason Gould''' ({{IPAc-en|g|uː|l|d}}; May 27, 1836 – December 2, 1892) was an American railroad magnate and financial speculator who is generally identified as one of the [[Robber baron (industrialist)|robber barons]] of the [[Gilded Age]]. His sharp and often unscrupulous business practices made him one of the wealthiest men of the late nineteenth century. A highly controversial and unpopular figure during his life; Gould is widely regarded as one of the great villains of his era.<ref>{{cite book|author=Walter R. Borneman|title=Iron Horses: America's Race to Bring the Railroads West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0oeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT235|year=2014|page=235|isbn=9780316371797}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Maury Klein|title=The Life and Legend of Jay Gould|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oetqt4uqaJsC&pg=PA393|year=1997|page=393|isbn=9780801857713}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Edward J.|last=Rennehan|year=2005|title=Dark Genius of Wall Street}}</ref> He is the originator of five generations (to 2019) of the Gould family of financiers, philanthropists and diplomats.

==Early life and education==
Gould was born in [[Roxbury, New York]], to Mary More (1798–1841) and John Burr Gould (1792–1866). His maternal grandfather Alexander T. More was a businessman, and his great-grandfather John More was a Scottish immigrant who founded the town of [[Moresville, New York]]. Gould studied at the Hobart Academy in [[Hobart, New York]].[Jay Alef, Ruthless Railroad Tycoon] As a young boy, he decided that he wanted nothing to do with farming, his father's profession, so his father dropped him off at a nearby school with 50 cents and a sack of clothes.

==Early career==
Gould's school principal was credited with getting him a job as a bookkeeper for a blacksmith.<ref name="query.nytimes.com">GOULD'S EVENTFUL LIFE, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/12/03/104101825.pdf</ref> A year later, the blacksmith offered him half interest in the blacksmith shop, which he sold to his father during the early part of 1854. Gould devoted himself to private study, emphasizing surveying and mathematics. In 1854, he surveyed and created maps of the [[Ulster County, New York]], area. In 1856, he published ''History of Delaware County, and Border Wars of New York,'' which he had spent several years writing.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gould|first=Jay|title=History of Delaware County|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofdelawar00goul|publisher=Keeny & Gould|date=1856|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania?}}</ref>

[[File:Gouldsboro, PA Keystone Marker.jpg|thumb|right|[[Keystone Marker]] for [[Gouldsboro, Pennsylvania]], named after Gould]]

In 1856, Gould entered a partnership with [[Zadock Pratt]]<ref name="query.nytimes.com"/> to create a tanning business in Pennsylvania in an area that was later named [[Gouldsboro, Pennsylvania|Gouldsboro]]. He eventually bought out Pratt, who retired. In 1856, Gould entered a partnership with Charles Mortimer Leupp, a son-in-law of [[Gideon Lee]] and one of the leading leather merchants in the United States, and it was a successful partnership until the [[Panic of 1857]]. Leupp lost all his money in that financial crisis, but Gould took advantage of the depreciation in property value and bought up former partnership properties.<ref name="query.nytimes.com"/>

The Gouldsboro Tannery became a disputed property after Leupp's death. Leupp's brother-in-law David W. Lee was also a partner in Leupp and Gould, and he took armed control of the tannery. He believed that Gould had cheated the Leupp and Lee families in the collapse of the business. Gould eventually took physical possession, but he was later forced to sell his shares in the company to Lee's brother.<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1886/01/21/106179072.pdf "David Williamson Lee's Career"], ''New York Times'', January 21, 1886.</ref>

==Railroad investing==
In 1859, Gould began speculative investing by buying stock in small railways. His father-in-law Daniel S. Miller introduced him to the railroad industry by suggesting that Gould help him save his investment in the [[Rutland and Washington Railroad]] in the Panic of 1857. Gould purchased stock for 10 cents on the dollar, which left him in control of the company.<ref>{{cite book |last= Klein|first=Maury|date=1997 |title=The Life and Legend of Jay Gould |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Oetqt4uqaJsC&pg=PA508&lpg=PA508&dq=Daniel+S.+Miller+jay+gould |location= |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |page=508 |isbn=9780801857713 }}</ref> He engaged in more speculation on railroad stocks in New York City throughout the Civil War, and he was appointed manager of the [[Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad]] in 1863.

The [[Erie Railroad]] encountered financial troubles in the 1850s, despite receiving loans from financiers [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]] and [[Daniel Drew]]. It entered receivership in 1859 and was reorganized as the Erie Railway. Gould, Drew, and [[James Fisk (financier)|James Fisk]] engaged in stock manipulations known as the [[Erie War]], and Drew, Fisk, and Vanderbilt lost control of the Erie in the summer of 1868, while Gould became its president.<ref>Schafer, Mike (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=m78vZ6z-RNgC&pg=PA47&dq= ''More Classic American Railroads'']. MBI Publishing Company. p. 47. {{ISBN|076030758X}}. Retrieved September 22, 2016.</ref>

It was during the same period that Gould and Fisk became involved with [[Tammany Hall]], the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] [[political machine]] that largely ran New York City at the time. They made its boss, [[Boss Tweed|William "Marcy" Tweed]], a director of the Erie Railroad, and Tweed arranged favorable legislation. Tweed and Gould became the subjects of political cartoons by [[Thomas Nast]] in 1869. Gould was the chief bondsman in October 1871 when Tweed was held on $1 million bail. Tweed was eventually convicted of corruption and died in jail.<ref>{{cite book |last= Conway|first=J. North |date=2010 |title=The Big Policeman: The Rise and Fall of America's First, Most Ruthless, and Greatest Detective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_V7BAAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s |location= |publisher=[[Globe Pequot Press]] |page=99 |isbn=9781599219653 }}</ref>

==Black Friday==
{{Main|Black Friday (1869)}}
In August 1869, Gould and Fisk began to buy gold in an attempt to [[Cornering the market|corner the market]], hoping that the increase in the price of gold would increase the price of wheat and motivate western farmers to sell. This, in turn, would cause a great amount of shipping eastward, increasing freight business for the Erie Railroad. During this time, Gould used contacts with President [[Ulysses S. Grant]]'s brother-in-law [[Abel Corbin]] to influence the president and his Secretary General [[Horace Porter]].{{sfn|White|2016|pp=479–480}}{{sfn|Brands|2012|p=442}} These speculations culminated in the panic of [[Black Friday (1869)|Black Friday]] on September 24, 1869, when the premium over face value fell on a gold [[Double Eagle]] from 62 percent to 35 percent. Gould made a small profit from this operation by hedging against his own attempted corner as it was about to collapse, but he lost it in subsequent lawsuits. The gold corner established Gould's reputation in the press as an all-powerful figure who could drive the market up and down at will.{{sfn|Smith|2001|p=490}}

{{Clear|left}}

==Lord Gordon-Gordon==
[[File:Lord Gordon-Gordon.jpg|right|thumb|Lord Gordon-Gordon]]
In 1873, Gould attempted to take control of the [[Erie Railroad]] by recruiting foreign investments from [[Lord Gordon-Gordon]], supposedly a cousin of the wealthy [[Clan Campbell|Campbell clan]] who was buying land for immigrants. He bribed Gordon-Gordon with a million dollars in stock, but Gordon-Gordon was an impostor and cashed the stock immediately. Gould sued him, and the case went to trial in March 1873. In court, Gordon-Gordon gave the names of the Europeans whom he claimed to represent, and he was granted bail while the references were checked. He immediately fled to Canada, where he convinced authorities that the charges were false.<ref name="Brewer's">{{cite book|last=Donaldson|first=William|authorlink=William Donaldson|title=Brewer's Rogues, Villains and Eccentrics|publisher=Phoenix|date=September 2, 2004|location=London|pages=299–300|isbn=0-7538-1791-8}}</ref><ref name="TMHS">{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=J.L.|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/lordgordongordon.shtml|title=Lord Gordon Gordon|publisher=The Manitoba Historical Society|accessdate=August 22, 2008}}</ref>

Gould failed to convince Canadian authorities to hand over Gordon-Gordon, so he attempted to kidnap him with the help of his associates and future members of Congress [[Loren Fletcher]], [[John Gilfillan]], and [[Eugene McLanahan Wilson]]. The group captured him successfully, but they were stopped and arrested by the [[North-West Mounted Police]] before they could return to the US. Canadian authorities put them in prison and refused them bail,<ref name="Brewer's"/><ref name="TMHS"/> and this led to an international incident between the United States and Canada. Governor [[Horace Austin]] of Minnesota demanded their return when he learned that they had been denied bail, and he put the local militia on full readiness, and thousands of Minnesotans volunteered for an invasion of Canada. After negotiations, the Canadian authorities released them on bail. Gordon-Gordon was eventually ordered to be deported but committed suicide before the order could be carried out.<ref name="Brewer's"/><ref name="TMHS"/>

===Western railroads===
[[File:Jay Gould's Private Bowling Alley - Opper 1882.jpg|thumb|Cartoon depicting [[Wall Street]] as "Jay Gould's Private Bowling Alley"]]
[[File:Gould portrait.jpg|thumb|Gould's portrait hanging in his office at [[Lyndhurst (mansion)|Lyndhurst]] which he purchased in 1880]]
After being forced out of the Erie Railroad, Gould started to build up a system of railroads in the midwest and west. He took control of the [[Union Pacific]] in 1873 when its stock was depressed by the [[Panic of 1873]], and he built a viable railroad that depended on shipments from farmers and ranchers. He immersed himself in every operational and financial detail of the Union Pacific system, building an encyclopedic knowledge and acting decisively to shape its destiny. Biographer Maury Klein states that "he revised its financial structure, waged its competitive struggles, captained its political battles, revamped its administration, formulated its rate policies, and promoted the development of resources along its lines."<ref>Maury Klein, ''Jay Gould,'' (1966) p 147</ref><ref>Maury Klein, "In Search of Jay Gould." ''Business History Review''  52#2 (1978): 166-199.</ref>

By 1879, Gould gained control of three more important western railroads, including the [[Missouri Pacific Railroad]]. He controlled 10,000 miles (16,000&nbsp;km) of railway, about one-ninth of the rail in the United States at that time, and he had controlling interest in 15 percent of the country's railway tracks by 1882. The railroads were making profits and set their own rates, and his wealth increased dramatically. He withdrew from management of the Union Pacific in 1883 amid political controversy over its debts to the federal government, but he realized a large profit for himself. He obtained a controlling interest in the [[Western Union]] telegraph company and in the elevated railways in New York City after 1881. In 1889, he organized the [[Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis]] which acquired a bottleneck in east-west railroad traffic at St. Louis, but the government brought an antitrust suit to eliminate the bottleneck control after Gould died.<ref>''[[United States v. Terminal R.R. Ass'n]]''.</ref>

==Personal life==
===Timeline===

{{hidden begin|toggle=left|titlestyle=padding-left: 4em;|title=Jay Gould timeline}}
[[File:Greeley Cincinnatus.jpg|thumb|Jay Gould appears to the far right of this cartoon by Thomas Nast from ''Harper's Weekly'' of February 10, 1872|300px]]
*1836 Birth of Jay Gould as Jason Gould
*1841 Death of Mary Moore Gould, mother
*1850 [[:Image:1850 census Gould.gif|Jay Gould in US census]] in [[Roxbury, New York]]
*1856 Publication of ''History of Delaware County''
*1863 Marriage to Helen Day Miller (1838–1889)
*1864 Birth of George Jay Gould I, his son
*1866 Death of John Burr Gould, his father
*1866 Birth of Edwin Gould, his son
*1868 Birth of Helen Gould, his daughter
*1869 Black Friday
*1870 [[:Image:1870 census Gould1.gif|Jay Gould in US census]] in first [[Manhattan]] home
*1870 [[:Image:1870 census Gould2.gif|Jay Gould in US census]] in second [[Manhattan]] home
*1871 Birth of Howard Gould, his son
*1875 Birth of Anna Gould, his daughter
*1877 Birth of Frank Gould, his son
*1880 Purchase of Lyndehurst from the widow of [[George Merritt (businessman)|George Merritt]], shortening name to Lyndhurst
*1880 [[:Image:1880 census Gould.gif|Jay Gould in US census]] in [[Greenburgh, New York]]
*1889 Death of Helen Day Miller, his wife
*1892 [[:Image:Gould-Jay 44.gif|Obituary of Jay Gould]]
{{hidden end}}

===Religion===
Gould was a member of [[West Presbyterian Church (New York City)|West Presbyterian Church]] at 31 West 42nd Street. It later merged with Park Presbyterian to form [[West-Park Presbyterian (New York City)|West-Park Presbyterian]].<ref name=West-Park>[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]. [http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2338.pdf New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission: "West-Park Presbyterian"], nyc.gov; accessed September 25, 2018.</ref>

===Marriage===
He married Helen Day Miller (1838–1889) in 1863; the couple had six children:
* [[George Jay Gould I]] (1864–1923), married [[Edith Kingdon|Edith M. Kingdon]] (1864–1921)<ref name="New York Times">{{cite news|title=George J. Gould Dies in Villa in France. Leaves $30,000,000. With His Second Wife and Her Children Near, He Yearned for His Sons. Last Malady a Secret. Death Holds Up Litigation With Family Over His Father's Estate. First Became Ill in March. Had Apparently Regained Health When He Suffered a Relapse. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/05/17/archives/george-j-gould-dies-in-villa-in-france-leaves-30000000-with-his.html|quote=George Jay Gould died this morning at 3:30 o'clock at the Villa Zoralde, Cap Martin, where he had been living for some months with his wife and her two children. His death, it was stated at the villa, came quietly and was expected, as he had never rallied from the illness from which he had been suffering all Winter.|publisher=New York Times|date=May 17, 1923|accessdate=May 23, 2008}}</ref>
* [[Edwin Gould I]] (1866–1933), married Sarah Cantine Shrady<ref name=NYT07131933>{{cite news|title=Edwin Gould Dies Suddenly at 67. Son of Railroad Financier and Builder Was Noted for Benefactions to Children. Left School of Finance. Made $1,000,000 Profit Operating Alone in Wall Street Before Father Forgave Him.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/07/13/archives/edwin-godld-dies-suddenly-at-67-son-of-railroad-financier-and.html|quote=Edwin Gould, second son of the late Jay Gould, financier and railroad builder, died suddenly of a heart attack shortly after ...|work=New York Times|date=July 13, 1933|accessdate=August 6, 2008}}</ref>
* [[Helen Miller Gould|Helen Gould]] (1868–1938), married Finlay Johnson Shepard (1867–1942)<ref name="http">{{cite news|title=Mrs. F.J. Shepard Dies of a Stroke. Former Helen Gould, Famous for Philanthropy, Stricken at Her Summer Home Gave Away Much of Fortune. Mrs. Finley J. Shepard Is Stricken at 70. Philanthropist and Daughter of Jay Gould Got Permission to Marry. Wed at Lyndhurst. Benefactions in War With Spain. Descendant of Pioneers.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/12/21/archives/mrs-f-j-shepard-dies-of-a-stroke-former-helen-gould-famous-for.html|quote=Mrs. Finley J. Shepard of New York, the former Helen Gould, who was famous for her philanthropies in many fields, died at her Summer home here at 12:15 this morning, after being in a coma for more than 24 hours. She had suffered an apoplectic stroke ten days ago, and had been ill for two months. Her age was 70 years.|publisher=New York Times|date=December 21, 1938|accessdate=June 18, 2007}}</ref>
* [[Howard Gould]] (1871–1959), married Viola Katherine Clemmons on October 12, 1898; and later married actress [[Grete Mosheim]] in 1937<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|title=Howard Gould dies here at 88... [l]ast surviving son of Jay Gould, rail financier, yachtsman, auto racer.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/09/15/archives/howard-gould-dies-here-at-88-last-surviving-son-of-jay-gould-rail.html|quote=Howard Gould, last surviving son of Jay Gould, the railroad financier, died Sunday in Doctors Hospital. He was 88 years old. Although Mr. Gould's residence ...|publisher=New York Times|date=September 15, 1959|accessdate=June 21, 2007}}</ref>
* [[Anna Gould]] (1875–1961), married [[Boni de Castellane|Paul Ernest Boniface, Comte de Castellane]] (1867–1932) and divorced; second, married [[Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord, Duc de Sagan|Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord]], 5th duc de Talleyrand, 5th duc de Dino, 4th Herzog von Sagan, and Prince de Sagan (1858–1937)<ref name="select.nytimes.com">{{cite news|title=Duchesse de Talleyrand Is Dead. Youngest daughter of Jay Gould|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0A14F6355912738DDDA90B94D9415B818AF1D3|quote=The Duchesse de Talleyrand-Périgord, daughter of the late Jay Gould, American railroad financier, died today in Paris where she passed most of her life.|work=New York Times|date=November 30, 1961|accessdate=August 6, 2008}}</ref>
* [[Frank Jay Gould]] (1877–1956), married [[Helen Margaret Kelly]]; then Edith Kelly (not related to his first wife); and then Florence La Caze (1895–1983)<ref name="Riviera 1899">{{cite news|title=Frank Jay Gould Dead on Riviera. Youngest Son of Rail Empire Maker was 78. Built Up Resort of Juan-les-Pins Heir to $10,000,000 N.Y.U. Graduate of 1899.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/04/01/archives/frank-jay-gould-dead-on-riviera-youngest-son-of-rail-empire-maker.html?sq=Frank+Jay+Gould&scp=1&st=p|quote=Frank Jay Gould died today at his apartment at Juanles-Pins on the French Riviera. He was 78 years old|publisher=Associated Press in New York Times|date=April 1, 1956|accessdate=April 6, 2008}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:(King1893NYC) pg522 JAY GOULD'S MAUSOLEUM, AT WOOOLAWN CEMETERY.jpg|thumb|left|The mausoleum of Jay Gould]]
Gould died of [[tuberculosis]], then referred to as "consumption," on December 2, 1892, and was interred in the [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery, The Bronx, New York]]. His fortune was conservatively estimated for tax purposes at $72 million (= $1.76 billion in 2016, adjusted for inflation), which he willed in its entirety to his family.<ref name="tycoon"/>

At the time of his death, Gould was a benefactor in the reconstruction of the [[Reformed Church]] of [[Roxbury, New York]], now known as the Jay Gould Memorial Reformed Church.<ref>[http://www.churches.rca.org/gouldchurch/history.htm History of the Reformed Church of Roxbury, Delaware County, New York] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923222102/http://www.churches.rca.org/gouldchurch/history.htm |date=September 23, 2008 }}, churches.rca.org; accessed May 3, 2014.</ref> It is located within the [[Main Street Historic District (Roxbury, New York)|Main Street Historic District]] and listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1988. The family mausoleum was designed by Francis O'Hara.

==Descendants==

Gould married [[Helen Day Miller]] (1838–1889) in 1863; they had:
* [[George Jay Gould I]] (1864–1923), married [[Edith Kingdon|Edith M. Kingdon]] (1864–1921)<ref name="New York Times"/>
** [[Kingdon Gould Sr.]] (1887–1945), married Annunziata Camilla Maria Lucci (1890–1961)<ref>{{cite news|title=Kingdon Gould, 58, Long a Financier. Grandson of Founder of Family Fortune Dies. Once on Rail Boards. Officer In 1918.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1945/11/08/archives/kingdon-gould-58-long-a-financier-grandson-of-founder-of-family.html|publisher=New York Times|date=November 8, 1945|accessdate=June 19, 2008}}</ref>
** [[Jay Gould II]] (1888–1935), married Anne Douglass Graham<ref>{{cite news|title=Jay Gould Is Dead. Court Tennis Star. Grandson of the Financier Had Held Championship for Quarter of Century.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/01/28/archives/jay-gould-is-dead-court-tennis-star-grandson-of-the-financier-had.html|accessdate=July 21, 2007}}</ref>
** Marjorie Gould (1891–1955), married Anthony Joseph Drexel II
** [[Helen Vivien Gould|Helen, Lady Decies]] (1893–1931), married [[John Graham Hope DeLaPoer Horsley Beresford]] (1866–1945)<ref>{{cite news|title=Lady Decies Dies at 38 in London. Former Helen Vivien Gould Was Principal in Brilliant International Wedding of 1911. Was Noted As Hostess. Her Entertaining Was a Feature of British Capital. Husband Is Distinguished Irish Peer.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/02/03/archives/lady-decies-dies-at-38-in-london-former-helen-vivien-gould-was.html|publisher=New York Times|date=February 3, 1931|accessdate=November 26, 2007}}</ref>
** George Jay Gould II (1896–?), married Laura Carter<ref>{{cite news|title=He Is George Jay Gould, Jr.|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9806E3D6123EE333A25756C1A9639C94679ED7CF|publisher=New York Times|date=May 15, 1896|accessdate=August 22, 2008 }}</ref>
** Edith Catherine Gould (1901–1937), married [[Carroll Livingston Wainwright I]] (1899–1967), then Sir Hector Murray MacNeal<ref>{{cite news|title=Lady MacNeal Dies. Was Edith Gould. Granddaughter of Financier, 36, Succumbs at Estate in East Hampton. Wife of British Knight. Wrote Autobiography Telling of Family Life ...|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/09/12/archives/lady-mneal-dies-was-edith-gould-granddaughter-of-financier-36.html|work=New York Times|date=September 12, 1937|accessdate=August 22, 2008}}</ref>
** [[Gloria Gould]] (1906–1943), married Henry A. Bishop II, then Walter McFarlane Barker<ref>{{cite news|title=Gloria Gould Barker Is Drowned In Swim Pool at Arizona Home. Mrs. W.M. Barker Drowns In A Pool. Victim of Accident.|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3F59147B93C4A81783D85F478485F9|agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=New York Times|date=August 16, 1943|accessdate=June 7, 2008}}</ref>
* [[Edwin Gould I]] (1866–1933), married Sarah Cantine Shrady<ref name="NYT07131933"/><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753859,00.html Gould]; ''Time''; July 31, 1933</ref><ref>''New York Times''; October 15, 1951, Monday; Mrs. Edwin Gould Dies in Hospital; Widow of Financier's Son Was Daughter of Surgeon Who Attended President Grant.</ref>
**Edwin Gould Jr. (1894–1917), died on [[Jekyl Island]] in 1917<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745814,00.html Sublimed Gould]; ''Time''; July 24, 1933</ref><ref>''New York Times''; February 26, 1917, Monday; Edwin Gould, Jr., Killed on Hunt with Own Gun; Was Clubbing 'Coon Caught in Trap When Trigger Caught, Firing the Weapon. Shot Severed Artery.</ref>
**Frank Miller Gould (c. 1895–1945), married Florence Amelia Bacon, died on January 13, 1945<ref name=NYT07131933/><ref>''New York Times''; January 14, 1945</ref>
* [[Helen Miller Gould|Helen Gould]] (1868–1938), married Finlay Johnson Shepard (1867–1942)<ref name="http"/> They adopted three children.<ref>{{cite book|last=Snow|first=Alice Northrop|title=The Story of Helen Gould|year=1943|publisher=F. H. Revell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QbGQAACAAJ&dq}}</ref>
* [[Howard Gould]] (1871–1959), married Viola Katherine Clemmons on October 12, 1898, then actress [[Grete Mosheim]] in 1937<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* [[Anna Gould|Anna, Duchess de Talleyrand-Périgord]] (1875–1961), married [[Paul Ernest Boniface]], [[Comte de Castellane]] (1867–1932), then [[Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord, Duke of Sagan|Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord]], 5th duke of Talleyrand, 5th duc of Dino, 4th Duke von Sagan, and Prince of Sagan (1858–1937)<ref name="select.nytimes.com"/> Children with Boniface:
** Marie Louise Boniface de Castellane (1896 – ?), died during infancy or early childhood
** Antoine Boniface, Marquis de Castellane (1896–1946), married Yvonne Patenôtre<ref>{{cite news|title=Son of Ann Gould succumbs in Paris.|quote=Marquis De Castellane Held French Embassy Posts in London During 1940. Paris, Feb. 7, 1946. The death of Marquis de Castellane, son of the late Count Boni de Castellane and the former Anna Gould of New York, who eventually became Duchess de Talleyrand-Périgord, was announced today.|publisher=New York Times|date=February 8, 1946}}</ref>
** Georges Paul Ernest Boniface de Castellane (1897 or 1899–1944), married Florinda Fernández y Anchorena (1901–?)
** Georges Gustave Boniface de Castellane (circa 1898–1946)
** Jay Boniface de Castellane (1902–?)
*Children with Talleyrand:
** Howard de Talleyrand, duc de Sagan (1909–1929), he took his own life when told that he could not marry<ref>{{cite news|title=Talleyrand Motel|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,732494,00.html|work=Time magazine|date=June 3, 1929|accessdate=July 21, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anna Gould's Son, Self-Wounded, Dies. Howard De Talleyrand, Prince De Sagan, 19, Succumbs In Paris After 11 Days. Parent's At His Bedside |newspaper=[[New York Times]]|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A03E1D71330E33ABC4151DFB3668382639EDE|date=May 29, 1929|accessdate=July 21, 2007}}</ref>
** Helen Violette de Talleyrand-Périgord (1915–2003), married James Robert de Pourtales on March 29, 1937, then [[Gaston Palewski]] (1901–1984)
* [[Frank Jay Gould]] (1877–1956), married Helen Kelley; then Edith Kelly; then Florence La Caze (1895–1983)<ref name="Riviera 1899"/>


==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |title=The Gold Ring: Jim Fisk, Gould, and the Black Friday, 1869 |last=Ackerman |first=Kenneth D. |authorlink= |year=2011 |orig-year=1988 |publisher=Dodd, Mead & Co |location=New York |isbn=0-396-09065-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sg38WpmtTKoC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Brands |first=H. W. |authorlink=H.W. Brands|title=The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |year=2012 |isbn=0-385-53241-5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=T2ERAmB4lbYC |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Jean Edward |authorlink=Jean Edward Smith|title=Grant |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York|year=2001 |isbn=0-684-84927-5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=TssAXSdPTi4C |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |title=American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant |last=White |first=Ronald C. |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-5883-6992-5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=TPNRCwAAQBAJ |ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
Newspaper Articles
* [//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/51/Death_of_Jay_Gould_%28Brooklyn_Eagle%2C_front_page_2_December_1898%29.gif Death of Jay Gould in the ''Brooklyn Eagle'']
*{{cite news|title=George Gould marries|work=[[New York Times]]|date=September 15, 1886}}
*{{cite news|title=Howard Gould marries|work=New York Times|date=October 13, 1898}}
*{{cite news|title=Howard Gould dies here at 88; last surviving son of Jay Gould, rail financier&nbsp;— yachtsman, auto racer|work=New York Times|date=September 15, 1959}}

Books
*{{cite book |title=[[The Great Game: The Emergence of Wall Street as a World Power: 1653–2000]]|last=Gordon|first=John S.|authorlink= |author2= |year=1999 |location=|publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-0684832876 |pages= }}
*{{cite book|title=Jay Gould, His Business Career, 1867–1892|last=Grodinsky|first=Julius|year=1981|publisher=Arno Press|isbn=978-1258168681|page=627}}
*{{cite book|title=Finance Capital: A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development|last=Hilferding|first=Rudolf|year=1981|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|location=New York|isbn=978-0415436649}}
*{{cite book|title=The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861–1901|last=Josephson|first=Matthew|year=1962|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & World|location=New York}}
*{{cite book|title=The Life and Legend of Jay Gould|last=Klein|first=Maury|year=1997|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0801857713}}
*Klein, Maury.  "[http://www.thebhc.org/sites/default/files/beh/BEHprint/v015/p0055-p0068.pdf Jay Gould: A Revisionist Interpretation]."  ''Business and Economic History'' 2d ser., 15 (1986): 55-68.
*{{cite book|title=Neoliberalism and Financialization|last=Kotz|first=David M.|year=2008|publisher=University of Massachusetts |location=Amherst|url=http://people.umass.edu/dmkotz/Neolib_and_Fin_08_03.pdf}}
*{{cite book|title=The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J.P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy|last=Morris|first=Charles R.|year=2005|publisher=Holt|location=New York|isbn=0-8050-7599-2|url=https://archive.org/details/tycoonshowandrew00morr}}
*{{cite book|title=The Dark Genius of Wall Street: The Misunderstood Life of Jay Gould, King of the Robber Barons|last=Renehan|first=Edward J.|year=2005|publisher=BasicBooks|location=New York|isbn=0-465-06885-5|url=https://archive.org/details/darkgeniusofwall00rene}}
*{{cite book|last=[[Richard White (historian)|White]]|first=Richard|title=Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|date=2011|isbn=978-0-393-06126-0|url=https://archive.org/details/railroadedtransc00whit_0}}

==External links==
*[http://www.economist.com/node/5323698 Excerpts from Gould's ''New York Times'' obituary]
*[http://www.explorepahistory.com/odocument.php?docId=198 Obituary by the Iowa City Daily Citizen]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=gould&GSfn=jay&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=408&pt=Jay%20Gould& Findagrave: Jay Gould]
*[http://www.dcnyhistory.org/goulds.html History of Delaware County and Border Wars of New York]

[[Category:Calvinism]]
[[Category:Cartography]]
[[Category:American financiers]]
[[Category:19th-century American railroad executives]]
[[Category:Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx)]]
[[Category:Burials in the Jay Gould Mausoleum]]
[[Category:American people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Gould family|Jay Gould]]
[[Category:History of the United States (1865–1918)|Gould, Jan]]
[[Category:People from Roxbury, New York]]
[[Category:Union Pacific Railroad people]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in New York (state)]]
[[Category:American Presbyterians]]
[[Category:Western Union Company]]
[[Category:Gilded Age]]